Contents DIOSCOREA GLYCYRRHIZA GINSENG SENEGA
Synonym Yam,Rheumatism root. Glycyrrhiza ,
Liquoric root,mulethi,glycyrrhizae radix. Ninjin,Pannag, Panax . Senega root, rattle snake root, Senega snake root.
Biological source Dried stem tubers of dioscorea deltoidea, D.composita
DIASCORACEAE Dried ,peeled or unpeeled, root and stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra linn.
LEGUMINOSAE Dried root of Panaxginseng P.japonic P.notoginseng ARALIACEAE Dried root and rootstock of Polygala senega.
POLYGALACEAE
Geographical sourse Northwestern Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and china U.S.A. and Mexico Spain, Siciy and England.
Glycyrrhiza glabra var.glandulifera – Russia
Glycyrrhiza glabra var.Violacea- Iran Korea ,China, Russia .Japan, Kanada , U.S.A Indigenous to Minnesota in U.S.A and eastern Canada,Japan.
Macroscopic characters Colour:Slightly brown
Odour:Odourless
Taste:Bitter
Size:Varies depending upon age of Rhizomes Colour :Unpeeled-Yellowish brown- -internally-dark yellow, externally-brown
Peeled:Pale yellow in colour
Odour::Faint and characteristic
Taste :Sweet
Size :Length 20 to 50 cm and 2 cm in diameter
Shape:cylindrical pieces,peeles angular
Fracture:It is fibrous in dark and splintery in wood Colour:Yellowish,White or Red
These are transluscent and possess stem cars
Shape:Tuberous corpulent roots Shape:Elongated tapering root and bearing a tufted crown
Colour:Grenish to brownish yellow
Fracture:smooth and splintery
Taste:first sweet and then acrid
odour:characteristics of methyl salicylate
Bharath’s SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
Uses Rhizomes-Rich source of Diosgenin
Diosgenin is precursor for synthesis of
-severalcorticoids
-sex harmones
-oral contraceptives used in treatment of Rheumatic arthritis
Expectorant,demulscent,flavouring agent in drugs like NH3Cl, alkaliliodides,quinine,cascara..
Treating peptic ulcer.
Anti spasmodic due to presence of isoliquiritin
Rhematid arthritis,addison’s disease.
Antiinflammatory drug.Not recommended during pregnancy and breast feeding because low levels of testosterone in men and high levels of prolactin in women.
It si immunomodulatory drug.
Increae the resistance.
Both stimulant and sedative.
Used as aphrodisiac
Demulscent in gastritis and aneamia.Prolongs the life of diabetic persons.
Used in Adrenal and Thyroid dysfunctioning
Chemical constituents 75% Starch
main constituent Diosgenin
glycosides
Smilagenin
Epismilagenin,
β–isomer yammoginin
Rhizomes–sapogenase(enzyme)
Tubers–glycosides,
Phenolic compounds
Diosgenin is the hydrolythic product of saponindioscin Main constituentglycyrrhizin(glycyrrhizic acid)
Glycyrrhizinic acid on hydrolysis yields glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrretic acid)
It consists of triterpenoid structure
Spanish5–10%,
Russiaabout 10%,
Persia7.5–3%,
glucose,sucrose,asparagin,
Presence of flavonoids like liquiritin and isoliquiritin.causes anti gaustric effect and anti ulcer effect.
Carbenoxolone:oleandane derivative, has mineralocorticoid activity.↑prostaglandins,↓pepsinogen.
Ginsenosides(13)
Panaxosides
Chikustsusaponin
Dammarol(aglycone of Ginsenosides)
Oleanolic acid(aglycone of panaxadiol)
Panaxosides gives Oleanolic acid,
Panaxadiol,
Panaxatriol on decomposition
Bharath’s SPAONIN GLYCOSIDES
`
''PHARMACY SAVES YOUR LIVES''
PHARMACY-EVER GREEN
Thursday, January 7, 2010
FATHIMA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Student Help Line Association
PHARMACOGNOSY II K. Bharath (B.Pharm)
Glycosides:
Glycosides are organic compounds of plant and animal sources.
Glycosides give sugar and non sugar moieties, on hydrolysis.
Sugar moiety is called glycon and non sugar moiety is aglycone.
Glycosides are acetals/sugar ethers formed by the interaction of hydroxyl groups of sugar and non sugar moiety, by loosing water molecule.
β-D-glucose is involved in the glycosides.
The sugars are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose,cymarose etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage.
Based in this, glycosides are classified into α and β glycosides.
Classification of glycosides is done based on three things
o Chemical nature of aglycone part.
o
o Therapeutic activity of aglycone part.
o
o Linkage between glycone and aglycone part.
According to chemical nature of aglycone moiety:
Therapeutic activity:
i. Cathartics
ii. Cerbiotonics
iii. Analgesics
iv. Anti-rheumatics
v. Anti-ulcer
Linkage across glycone and aglycone part:
Actually link is between ’OH’ group of glycone and radicals like CH, -OH, -SH, and –NH of aglycone part by removing water molecule.
If CH is taken as radical for aglycone part then it is
C-glycoside
OHO-glycoside
NHN-glycoside
SHS-glycoside
C-glycosides:
Glycone –OH+HC-aglyconeglycone-C—aglycone+water
Ex: Aloe(Liliaceae), cascara
O-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HO-aglyconeglycone-O-aglycone+water
Ex: Senna, rhubarb frangula etc,.
S-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HS-aglyconeglycone-S-aglycone+water
Ex: Isothiocyanate glycosides
N-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HN-glyconeglycone-N-glycone+water
Ex: Nucleosides
●Expect resin glycosides all the glycosides are soluble in water and dilute alcohol & insoluble in chloroform or Ether but aglycone moiety is soluble in chloroform & Ether
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
Saponin:
These are the glycosides which give foam on shaking with NaHCO3.
The saponin glycosides have soap like action.
They are called haemotoxic because they cause haemolysis of erythrocytes(Red blood cells).Because of this, these are used as fish poisons.
They cause irritation of Mucous membrane.
Soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents.
The aglycone part is called sapogenin. Depending on the nature and structures they are divided into two groups
1. Steroidal saponins[Tetracyclic triterpenoid]
2. Pentacyclic Triterpenoid saponins
The following are the drugs containing saponin glycosides
i. Glycyrrhiza
ii. Ginseng
iii. Discorea
iv. Sarasaparilla
v. Senega
1.DIOSCOREA
Synonyms:Yam, Rheumatism root.
Biologcal Source:
It consists of dried tubers of plants, Dioscorea deltoidea, D.composita,and other species of Dioscorea, family Dioscoreaceae.
Geographical Source:
Found in North Western Himalayas upto an altitude of 1000-3000m,and also in Jammu and Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh.
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTON:
Mainly grown in TamilNadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra,Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir.
As raising the crop from seeds has disadvantages like longer time and variability in progeny(off spring),healthy tubers of about 70-80 gm in weight are selected for cultivation.
They are sown in nursery beds after treating with fungicide
It takes 30-40 days for their sprouting .
After 3-4 months they are transplanted in field .
They are placed at a distance of 30x60 cm.
Trellis(support for climbing trees) are used.
Inter-cropping with legumes can be done
Diosgenin content is found to be high as well as rhizomes lose about 50% of their weight on drying.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES:
Colour: slightly brown.
Odour: odourless.
Taste: bitter.
Size: varies dipending on sizes rhizomes.
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Epidermis:Absent in transverse section of drug.
Cork: Few layers followed by parenchymatous.
Stele:Major part of drug and consists of close Collateral fibro-vascular bundles.
Endodermis and pericycle is indistinguishable.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
Rhizome contain 75% of starch.It contains diosgenin ,steroidal sapogenin(4-6%), its glycosides , smilagenin and epismilagenin and β-isomer yammogenin.
Rhizomes also contain sapogenase.Diosgenin is the hydrolytic product of saponin dioscin.
USES:
Used in synthesis of corticosteroids , sex harmones , oral contraceptives and used in treatment of rheumatic arthritis(inflammation and deformation of bone), asthma, eczema.
Isolation:
Hydrolysis of dioscin is done by mineral acids.Diosgenin is liberated and extracted with the help of non polar solvents like benzene or solvent ether.
Diosgenin is degraded to 16-dehydro pregnenelone acetate.This is used for synthesis of
a. Corticosteroids like cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone
b. Pregnenes like progesterone, 17-α-hydroxy progesterone
c. Androstanes like testosterone. Methyl testosterone, etc,and
d. 19-NOR steroids like estrone, 17- α-ehynyl estradiol and norethisterone acetate.
The above steps are done by microbial transformations.
Student Help Line Association
PHARMACOGNOSY II K. Bharath (B.Pharm)
Glycosides:
Glycosides are organic compounds of plant and animal sources.
Glycosides give sugar and non sugar moieties, on hydrolysis.
Sugar moiety is called glycon and non sugar moiety is aglycone.
Glycosides are acetals/sugar ethers formed by the interaction of hydroxyl groups of sugar and non sugar moiety, by loosing water molecule.
β-D-glucose is involved in the glycosides.
The sugars are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose,cymarose etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage.
Based in this, glycosides are classified into α and β glycosides.
Classification of glycosides is done based on three things
o Chemical nature of aglycone part.
o
o Therapeutic activity of aglycone part.
o
o Linkage between glycone and aglycone part.
According to chemical nature of aglycone moiety:
Therapeutic activity:
i. Cathartics
ii. Cerbiotonics
iii. Analgesics
iv. Anti-rheumatics
v. Anti-ulcer
Linkage across glycone and aglycone part:
Actually link is between ’OH’ group of glycone and radicals like CH, -OH, -SH, and –NH of aglycone part by removing water molecule.
If CH is taken as radical for aglycone part then it is
C-glycoside
OHO-glycoside
NHN-glycoside
SHS-glycoside
C-glycosides:
Glycone –OH+HC-aglyconeglycone-C—aglycone+water
Ex: Aloe(Liliaceae), cascara
O-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HO-aglyconeglycone-O-aglycone+water
Ex: Senna, rhubarb frangula etc,.
S-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HS-aglyconeglycone-S-aglycone+water
Ex: Isothiocyanate glycosides
N-glycoside:
Glycone-OH+HN-glyconeglycone-N-glycone+water
Ex: Nucleosides
●Expect resin glycosides all the glycosides are soluble in water and dilute alcohol & insoluble in chloroform or Ether but aglycone moiety is soluble in chloroform & Ether
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
Saponin:
These are the glycosides which give foam on shaking with NaHCO3.
The saponin glycosides have soap like action.
They are called haemotoxic because they cause haemolysis of erythrocytes(Red blood cells).Because of this, these are used as fish poisons.
They cause irritation of Mucous membrane.
Soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in non-polar organic solvents.
The aglycone part is called sapogenin. Depending on the nature and structures they are divided into two groups
1. Steroidal saponins[Tetracyclic triterpenoid]
2. Pentacyclic Triterpenoid saponins
The following are the drugs containing saponin glycosides
i. Glycyrrhiza
ii. Ginseng
iii. Discorea
iv. Sarasaparilla
v. Senega
1.DIOSCOREA
Synonyms:Yam, Rheumatism root.
Biologcal Source:
It consists of dried tubers of plants, Dioscorea deltoidea, D.composita,and other species of Dioscorea, family Dioscoreaceae.
Geographical Source:
Found in North Western Himalayas upto an altitude of 1000-3000m,and also in Jammu and Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh.
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTON:
Mainly grown in TamilNadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra,Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir.
As raising the crop from seeds has disadvantages like longer time and variability in progeny(off spring),healthy tubers of about 70-80 gm in weight are selected for cultivation.
They are sown in nursery beds after treating with fungicide
It takes 30-40 days for their sprouting .
After 3-4 months they are transplanted in field .
They are placed at a distance of 30x60 cm.
Trellis(support for climbing trees) are used.
Inter-cropping with legumes can be done
Diosgenin content is found to be high as well as rhizomes lose about 50% of their weight on drying.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES:
Colour: slightly brown.
Odour: odourless.
Taste: bitter.
Size: varies dipending on sizes rhizomes.
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Epidermis:Absent in transverse section of drug.
Cork: Few layers followed by parenchymatous.
Stele:Major part of drug and consists of close Collateral fibro-vascular bundles.
Endodermis and pericycle is indistinguishable.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
Rhizome contain 75% of starch.It contains diosgenin ,steroidal sapogenin(4-6%), its glycosides , smilagenin and epismilagenin and β-isomer yammogenin.
Rhizomes also contain sapogenase.Diosgenin is the hydrolytic product of saponin dioscin.
USES:
Used in synthesis of corticosteroids , sex harmones , oral contraceptives and used in treatment of rheumatic arthritis(inflammation and deformation of bone), asthma, eczema.
Isolation:
Hydrolysis of dioscin is done by mineral acids.Diosgenin is liberated and extracted with the help of non polar solvents like benzene or solvent ether.
Diosgenin is degraded to 16-dehydro pregnenelone acetate.This is used for synthesis of
a. Corticosteroids like cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone
b. Pregnenes like progesterone, 17-α-hydroxy progesterone
c. Androstanes like testosterone. Methyl testosterone, etc,and
d. 19-NOR steroids like estrone, 17- α-ehynyl estradiol and norethisterone acetate.
The above steps are done by microbial transformations.
Conversion of Temperature
Conversion of Temperature
Main formula is
C = F-32/1.8
Quick Fahrenheit (°F) / Celsius (°C) Conversion:
Try the Temperature Conversion Tool or the Interactive Thermometer or this method:
°F to °C Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9
°C to °F Multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32
Or read on to understand why ...
Explanation
There are two main temperature scales:
• °F, the Fahrenheit Scale (used in the US), and
• °C, the Celsius Scale (part of the Metric System, used in most other countries)
They both measure the same thing (temperature!), just using different numbers.
• If you freeze water, it measures 0° in Celsius, but 32° in Fahrenheit
• If you boil water, it measures 100° in Celsius, but 212° in Fahrenheit
The difference between freezing and boiling is 100° in Celsius, but 180° in Fahrenheit.
Conversion Method
Looking at the diagram, notice:
• The scales start at a different number (32 vs 0), so we will need to add or subtract 32
• The scales rise at a different rate (180 vs 100), so we will also need to multiply
And this is how it works out:
To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, first multiply by 180/100, then add 32
To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, first subtract 32, then multiply by 100/180
Note: 180/100 can be simplified to 9/5, and likewise 100/180=5/9.
So, this is the easiest way:
Celsius to Fahrenheit (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F
Fahrenheit to Celsius (°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C
Example 1
Convert 26° Celsius (A nice warm day!) to Fahrenheit
First: 26° × 9/5 = 234/5 = 46.8
Then: 46.8 + 32 = 78.8° F
Example 2
Convert 98.6° Fahrenheit (Normal Body Temperature!) to Celsius
First: 98.6° - 32 = 66.6
Then: 66.6× 5/9 = 333/9 = 37° C
Typical Temperatures
°C °F Description
100 212 Water boils
40 104 Hot Bath
37 98.6 Body temperature
30 86 Beach weather
21 70 Room temperature
10 50 Cool Day
0 32 Freezing point of water
-18 0 Very Cold Day
-40 -40 Extremely Cold Day (and the same number!)
(bold are exact)
Main formula is
C = F-32/1.8
Quick Fahrenheit (°F) / Celsius (°C) Conversion:
Try the Temperature Conversion Tool or the Interactive Thermometer or this method:
°F to °C Deduct 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9
°C to °F Multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32
Or read on to understand why ...
Explanation
There are two main temperature scales:
• °F, the Fahrenheit Scale (used in the US), and
• °C, the Celsius Scale (part of the Metric System, used in most other countries)
They both measure the same thing (temperature!), just using different numbers.
• If you freeze water, it measures 0° in Celsius, but 32° in Fahrenheit
• If you boil water, it measures 100° in Celsius, but 212° in Fahrenheit
The difference between freezing and boiling is 100° in Celsius, but 180° in Fahrenheit.
Conversion Method
Looking at the diagram, notice:
• The scales start at a different number (32 vs 0), so we will need to add or subtract 32
• The scales rise at a different rate (180 vs 100), so we will also need to multiply
And this is how it works out:
To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit, first multiply by 180/100, then add 32
To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, first subtract 32, then multiply by 100/180
Note: 180/100 can be simplified to 9/5, and likewise 100/180=5/9.
So, this is the easiest way:
Celsius to Fahrenheit (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F
Fahrenheit to Celsius (°F - 32) x 5/9 = °C
Example 1
Convert 26° Celsius (A nice warm day!) to Fahrenheit
First: 26° × 9/5 = 234/5 = 46.8
Then: 46.8 + 32 = 78.8° F
Example 2
Convert 98.6° Fahrenheit (Normal Body Temperature!) to Celsius
First: 98.6° - 32 = 66.6
Then: 66.6× 5/9 = 333/9 = 37° C
Typical Temperatures
°C °F Description
100 212 Water boils
40 104 Hot Bath
37 98.6 Body temperature
30 86 Beach weather
21 70 Room temperature
10 50 Cool Day
0 32 Freezing point of water
-18 0 Very Cold Day
-40 -40 Extremely Cold Day (and the same number!)
(bold are exact)
Bharath's way to Bhagwan Sri Satya Sai Baba.
OM SRI SAIRAM
Bharath’s way to Baba
Sai ram, my name is Bharath reddy.I am the son of Mr.K.Subba Reddy garu .He is the convenor of “Sri Satya Sai Seva Samithi”,kadapa.Actually I was not believing Baba at first when I heard about him.My father used to go to samithi weekly twice.He asked me many times but I refused to go to samithi.But now I came to know about swami by reading many books.
Have u experienced any leelas :
Now, obviously I did not experience any leela by swami.My father has been facing a problem regarding sleep for 15 years .For that he visited all neuro hospitals and at last being the devotee of swami my father does not know about SSSS hospital , white field, Bangalore.
Later in 2009 he came to know that that disorder may be “narcolepsy”.For confirmation we visited one senior psychiatrist in kadapa, he told us about the narcolepsy.
Later we visited white field and got the treatment there.My father went on to sleep study which costs1500/- for one hour.But in swami’s hospital every thing is free.The hospital was amzing and I have never seen like that hospital ever before except in puttaparthi.
Sir, do you have belief on Baba?
Yes obviously I have it.Because My father has got more happiness in that samithi by doing seva and indulging in different activities conducted there.Being a student I should not involve in those sevas but my father forces me to do so.But it was better if u do such sevas in the student life.He is a god no doudt because he did not want to attract all the people he says “i am not saying to believe me but u believe ur god and lead the life in a ‘satya’, ‘dharma’, ‘shanthi’, ‘prema’, ‘ahimsa’.
He says ‘’all are equal’’ and ‘’love all serve all’’.Let me say a miracle which was happened in Tamilnadu.Once there was a barber he had a friend who believes baba.He gave him baba’s photo and asked him to keep in the shop.He took it and kept in one corner in the shop.After a long time he got paralysis and for a barber hands are important.He went to different doctors in his town they din’t say anythin atlast one doctor said about SRI SATYA SAI HOSPITAL BANGALORE where we can find every thing free for patients.They said thant there was a blood clot in the brain.Then he searched the photo of baba in the shop but he could not find that then atlast he found in a corner in the shop.He took that photo and went to hospital they checked him and asked him to come next week for admission.
He went to the hospital next week but that time they asked him to come next week like that he went for 4 or 5 times.On one day baba came in his dreams and said “bangaru bed is ready for u for the operation” then that barber started the journey but his parents and wife stopped him and scolded how can u believe him they don’t do the operation ! but he refused that and went there.The doctors, nurses, every body is ready for the operation and the bed is also ready for him for the operation.
The doctor started the operation when he was about to cut the skin his knife was fallen down near baba.He got a doudt and he sent that patient for another MRI and CT scanning.Then what happened you know it was unbilievable that blood clot has been moved to another side then if they would have done with out knowing that the doctor might have failed in the operation.
So that is the greatness of satya sai baba.By hearing this story I really wondered and started to listen many miracles.For more you can visit satya sai website.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully,
Bharath reddy.K,
9885570672.
Bharath’s way to Baba
Sai ram, my name is Bharath reddy.I am the son of Mr.K.Subba Reddy garu .He is the convenor of “Sri Satya Sai Seva Samithi”,kadapa.Actually I was not believing Baba at first when I heard about him.My father used to go to samithi weekly twice.He asked me many times but I refused to go to samithi.But now I came to know about swami by reading many books.
Have u experienced any leelas :
Now, obviously I did not experience any leela by swami.My father has been facing a problem regarding sleep for 15 years .For that he visited all neuro hospitals and at last being the devotee of swami my father does not know about SSSS hospital , white field, Bangalore.
Later in 2009 he came to know that that disorder may be “narcolepsy”.For confirmation we visited one senior psychiatrist in kadapa, he told us about the narcolepsy.
Later we visited white field and got the treatment there.My father went on to sleep study which costs1500/- for one hour.But in swami’s hospital every thing is free.The hospital was amzing and I have never seen like that hospital ever before except in puttaparthi.
Sir, do you have belief on Baba?
Yes obviously I have it.Because My father has got more happiness in that samithi by doing seva and indulging in different activities conducted there.Being a student I should not involve in those sevas but my father forces me to do so.But it was better if u do such sevas in the student life.He is a god no doudt because he did not want to attract all the people he says “i am not saying to believe me but u believe ur god and lead the life in a ‘satya’, ‘dharma’, ‘shanthi’, ‘prema’, ‘ahimsa’.
He says ‘’all are equal’’ and ‘’love all serve all’’.Let me say a miracle which was happened in Tamilnadu.Once there was a barber he had a friend who believes baba.He gave him baba’s photo and asked him to keep in the shop.He took it and kept in one corner in the shop.After a long time he got paralysis and for a barber hands are important.He went to different doctors in his town they din’t say anythin atlast one doctor said about SRI SATYA SAI HOSPITAL BANGALORE where we can find every thing free for patients.They said thant there was a blood clot in the brain.Then he searched the photo of baba in the shop but he could not find that then atlast he found in a corner in the shop.He took that photo and went to hospital they checked him and asked him to come next week for admission.
He went to the hospital next week but that time they asked him to come next week like that he went for 4 or 5 times.On one day baba came in his dreams and said “bangaru bed is ready for u for the operation” then that barber started the journey but his parents and wife stopped him and scolded how can u believe him they don’t do the operation ! but he refused that and went there.The doctors, nurses, every body is ready for the operation and the bed is also ready for him for the operation.
The doctor started the operation when he was about to cut the skin his knife was fallen down near baba.He got a doudt and he sent that patient for another MRI and CT scanning.Then what happened you know it was unbilievable that blood clot has been moved to another side then if they would have done with out knowing that the doctor might have failed in the operation.
So that is the greatness of satya sai baba.By hearing this story I really wondered and started to listen many miracles.For more you can visit satya sai website.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully,
Bharath reddy.K,
9885570672.
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
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