Tabular form of saponin glycosides

Contents DIOSCOREA GLYCYRRHIZA GINSENG SENEGA
Synonym Yam,Rheumatism root. Glycyrrhiza ,
Liquoric root,mulethi,glycyrrhizae radix. Ninjin,Pannag, Panax . Senega root, rattle snake root, Senega snake root.
Biological source Dried stem tubers of dioscorea deltoidea, D.composita
DIASCORACEAE Dried ,peeled or unpeeled, root and stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra linn.
LEGUMINOSAE Dried root of Panaxginseng P.japonic P.notoginseng ARALIACEAE Dried root and rootstock of Polygala senega.
POLYGALACEAE
Geographical sourse Northwestern Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and china U.S.A. and Mexico Spain, Siciy and England.
Glycyrrhiza glabra var.glandulifera – Russia
Glycyrrhiza glabra var.Violacea- Iran Korea ,China, Russia .Japan, Kanada , U.S.A Indigenous to Minnesota in U.S.A and eastern Canada,Japan.
Macroscopic characters Colour:Slightly brown
Odour:Odourless
Taste:Bitter
Size:Varies depending upon age of Rhizomes Colour :Unpeeled-Yellowish brown- -internally-dark yellow, externally-brown
Peeled:Pale yellow in colour
Odour::Faint and characteristic
Taste :Sweet
Size :Length 20 to 50 cm and 2 cm in diameter
Shape:cylindrical pieces,peeles angular
Fracture:It is fibrous in dark and splintery in wood Colour:Yellowish,White or Red
These are transluscent and possess stem cars
Shape:Tuberous corpulent roots Shape:Elongated tapering root and bearing a tufted crown
Colour:Grenish to brownish yellow
Fracture:smooth and splintery
Taste:first sweet and then acrid
odour:characteristics of methyl salicylate
Bharath’s SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES



Uses Rhizomes-Rich source of Diosgenin
Diosgenin is precursor for synthesis of
-severalcorticoids
-sex harmones
-oral contraceptives used in treatment of Rheumatic arthritis
Expectorant,demulscent,flavouring agent in drugs like NH3Cl, alkaliliodides,quinine,cascara..
Treating peptic ulcer.
Anti spasmodic due to presence of isoliquiritin
Rhematid arthritis,addison’s disease.
Antiinflammatory drug.Not recommended during pregnancy and breast feeding because low levels of testosterone in men and high levels of prolactin in women.
It si immunomodulatory drug.
Increae the resistance.
Both stimulant and sedative.
Used as aphrodisiac
Demulscent in gastritis and aneamia.Prolongs the life of diabetic persons.
Used in Adrenal and Thyroid dysfunctioning
Chemical constituents 75% Starch
main constituent Diosgenin

glycosides
Smilagenin
Epismilagenin,
β–isomer yammoginin
Rhizomes–sapogenase(enzyme)
Tubers–glycosides,
Phenolic compounds
Diosgenin is the hydrolythic product of saponindioscin Main constituentglycyrrhizin(glycyrrhizic acid)
Glycyrrhizinic acid on hydrolysis yields glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrretic acid)
It consists of triterpenoid structure
Spanish5–10%,
Russiaabout 10%,
Persia7.5–3%,
glucose,sucrose,asparagin,
Presence of flavonoids like liquiritin and isoliquiritin.causes anti gaustric effect and anti ulcer effect.
Carbenoxolone:oleandane derivative, has mineralocorticoid activity.↑prostaglandins,↓pepsinogen.



Ginsenosides(13)
Panaxosides
Chikustsusaponin
Dammarol(aglycone of Ginsenosides)
Oleanolic acid(aglycone of panaxadiol)

Panaxosides gives Oleanolic acid,
Panaxadiol,
Panaxatriol on decomposition
Bharath’s SPAONIN GLYCOSIDES
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