Download
''PHARMACY SAVES YOUR LIVES''
PHARMACY-EVER GREEN
Wednesday, January 27, 2010
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
Examples for the Gram positive and for the Gram negative bacilli and coccus
Gram positive cocci
• Staphylococci • Streptococcus • Pneumococcus • Enterococcus Gram negative cocci
• Meningococci • Gonococci • Veillonella
Gram positive bacilli
• Corynobacterium • Bacillus anthrasis • Clostridium • Actinobacteria
Gram negative bacilli
• Escherisci coli • Salmonella • Pseudomonas
Monday, January 25, 2010
softwares for mobile
get soft wares for any mobile like dictionary, medical, games, verbs, what ever u want u can get them.GO TO THAT ?
Sunday, January 17, 2010
pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation_edited by mark gibson.zip
http://w17.easy-share.com/1701937600.html
http://w17.easy-share.com/1701937600.html
pharmaceutical marketing_A practical guide_taylor and francis.zip
http://w17.easy-share.com/1701938327.html
http://w17.easy-share.com/1701938327.html
Laboratory Auditing For Quality and Regulatory Compliance.pdf
http://w13.easy-share.com/1702017889.html
http://w13.easy-share.com/1702017889.html
Laboratory Auditing For Quality and Regulatory Compliance.pdf
http://w13.easy-share.com/1702017889.html
http://w13.easy-share.com/1702017889.html
Handbook of Stability Testing in Pharmaceutical Development Regulations, Methodologies, and Best Practices.pdf
http://w13.easy-share.com/1702484574.html
Wilson and Gisvols Textbook of organic, medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry_11th edition
http://www.easy-share.com/1908309685.html
http://www.easy-share.com/1908309685.html
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablets, 3 volume set (LACHMAN)
Volume 1 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908342550.html
Volume 2 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908345588.html
Volume 3 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908345937.html
Volume 1 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908342550.html
Volume 2 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908345588.html
Volume 3 : http://www.easy-share.com/1908345937.html
Generic drug product development_solid oral dosage form.pdf
http://www.easy-share.com/1908364467.html
http://www.easy-share.com/1908364467.html
skoog_-_principles_of_instrumental_analysis__2nd_ed__1980.pdf
http://www.easy-share.com/1908434527.html
http://www.easy-share.com/1908434527.html
skoog_-fundamentals_of_analytical_chemistry_8th edition_.rar
http://www.easy-share.com/1908434503.html
http://www.easy-share.com/1908434503.html
Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies
Publisher: McGraw-Hill ProfessionalNumber Of Pages: 800Publication Date: 2007-03-23ISBN-10 / ASIN: 007144310XISBN-13 / EAN: 9780071443104Binding: PaperbackProduct Description:Concise, "at the bedside" guidelines for toxicologic emergencies--derived from the premier reference in the fieldThis practical and portable bedside manual is condensed for...
Read more
Saturday, January 16, 2010
Wednesday, January 13, 2010
The Aqueous Cleaning Handbook: A Guide to Critical-Cleaning Procedures, Techniques and Validation
The Aqueous Cleaning Handbook: A Guide to Critical-Cleaning Procedures, Techniques and Validation
This book distills and presents practical information covering the history of aqueous cleaners-- what they are, how they work, and how to make best use of them in cleaning products and components in electronics, metalworking, precision manufacturing, food-and-beverage, pharmaceutical, and chemical processing; and many other industrial applications.
Air Quality, 4th Edition
Air Quality, 4th Edition
Ozone-destroying chemicals, greenhouse gases, and dangerous airborne substances that were once thought to be benign are the most urgent issues facing air pollution control experts. Students need a thorough, updated reference that explores these current trends while also covering the fundamental concepts of this emerging discipline. A new revision of a bestseller, Air Quality, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive overview air quality issues, including a better understanding of atmospheric chemistry, the effects of pollution on public health and the environment, and the technology and regulatory practices used to achieve air quality goals. New sections cover toxicological principles and risk assessment. The book also contains revised discussions on public policy concerns, with a focus on air quality standards for ozone depletion and global warming, and the health effects of particulate air pollutants. This edition continues to serve as a very readable text for advanced level undergraduate and early graduate study in environmental science, environmental management, and in programs related to the study of public health, industrial hygiene, and pollution control.
Download
Guidelines for Process Hazards Analysis (PHA, HAZOP), Hazards Identification, and Risk Analysis
Guidelines for Process Hazards Analysis (PHA, HAZOP), Hazards Identification, and Risk Analysis
This unique manual is a comprehensive, easy-to-read overview of hazards analysis as it applies to the process and allied industries. The book begins by building a background in the technical definition of risk, past industrial incidents and their impacts, ensuing legislation, and the language and terms of the risk field. It addresses the different types of structured analytical techniques for conducting Process Hazards Analyses (PHA), provides a "What If" checklist, and shows how to organize and set up PHA sessions. Other topics include layout and siting considerations, Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), human factors, loss of containment, and PHA team leadership issues.
Download
Controlled Environments - November 2008
Controlled Environments - November 2008
BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS: CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION David Phillips 16
ACHIEVING TRUE EH&S IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Matt Kopecky
CLEANROOM FACILITY CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
REGULATORY FORUM:
PREDICTING THE FUTURE
Bikash Chatterjee
CONTAMINATION CONTROL IN AND OUT OF THE CLEANROOM
THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX (OR AT LEAST OUTSIDE THE SEM)
Barbara Kanegsberg and Ed Kanegsberg C4: CRITICAL CLEANING FOR CONTAMINATION CONTROL
MAYBE HEISENBERG WAS WRONG, AND EINSTEIN RIGHT?
John Durkee, Ph.D., P.E 9 EDITOR’S LETTER 25 PRODUCT FOCUS:
INSTRUMENTATION
BUSINESS MARKETPLACE
PENCIL IT IN
ADVERTISER INDEX
Download
Environmental Risk Assessment
Environmental Risk Assessment
This book gives a broad overview of approaches and experiences on how to assess ecological and human information on health risks. The chapters are targeted to different users. As an example , industrial applications are described, also addressing the need of risk assessments for SMEs. The need of science and policy roles are described. Links to information sources, organisations, software models, EU legislation, and publications are provided.
Gives an overview of approaches and experiences on assessing ecological and human information on health risks.
Industrial applications are described, also addressing the need of risk assessments for SMEs. The needs of science and policy roles are described. Links to information sources, organisations, software models, EU legislation, and publications.
Download
Industrial Water Quality
Industrial Water Quality
The classic guide to controlling industrial water pollution–updated with the latest regulations and new technologies
Turn to the Fourth Edition of Industrial Water Quality for guidance on state-of-the-art methods for optimizing or upgrading existing wastewater treatment systems, as well as selecting the best treatment options to solve specific wastewater problems. This hands-on tool reflects today’s more stringent water-quality regulations and the new technologies developed to meet them. Filled with examples and case studies from a variety of industries, the book covers reverse osmosis or alternative membrane processes and discusses Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) processes.
Download
Industrial Water Pollution Control
Industrial Water Pollution Control
Theory-to-practice guide to controlling industrial water pollution. In a thoroughly updated new edition that reflects both more stringent regulations and the new technologies developed to meet them, Industrial Water Pollution Control, Third Edition, by W.Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr., introduces you to environmentally-acceptable and cost-effective. state-of- the art methodologies. After an overview of the source and characteristics of industrial wastewaters, you learn about pre- and primary treatment processes...coagulation, precipitation and metals removal...aeration and mass transfer...aerobic biological oxidation and other biological wastewater treatment processes...adsorption...ion exchange...chemical oxidation...sludge handling and disposal...and other processes, including deep-well disposal, membrane process, and more. Specific examples and case histories from a variety of industries, including pulp and paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, textile, food products, and metal finishing, help you understand the application of these technologies to real-world industrial wastewater treatment.
Download
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks
The study of pharmaceuticals in the environment as an area of research has only just taken off in recent years. Since the first edition was printed, many research articles on this subject have been published. It is exceedingly difficult for the individual, in particular those not acquainted with the field to establish trends and developments. Even specialists will appreciate this book, as it provides the reader with a well-founded up dated and enlarged overview that addresses the latest findings on the new topics in research.
Following the resounding success of the first two editions, this new edition has been brought up to date and greatly extended. It includes the status of research, paying particular attention to sources and contamination of the environment, substance flows, effects, risk assessment and risk management. In line with the newest developments worldwide there are again contributions from well known and new international authors. This volume also caters for the new requirements confronting European and American researchers since publication of the second edition.
Download
Environmental Monitoring for Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments
Environmental Monitoring for Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments
A critical technology in the science of contamination control, environmental monitoring is a technique that provides important data on the quality of a process, processing environment, and final product, which can aid scientists in identifying and eliminating potential sources of contamination in cleanrooms and controlled environments. In response to the scattered industry and ISO standards and technical reports on the subject, this title provides comprehensive information about environmental monitoring, including monitoring of viable and non-viable air, surfaces, water, alert and action levels, trending, procedures for responding to excursions, certification/requalification, and the application of new ISO standards. Because the interpretation of results is vital in controlling contamination, several chapters discuss the presentation of data, trending, and investigations, and how they are valuable in reducing risk to the product, process, and patient.
Download
Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Guide for Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech Industries
Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Guide for Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech Industries,
Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Guide for Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech Industries, Second Edition
Spanning every critical element of validation for any pharmaceutical, diagnostic, medical device or equipment, and biotech product, this Second Edition guides readers through each step in the correct execution of validating processes required for non-aseptic and aseptic pharmaceutical production. With 14 exclusive environmental performance evaluations, it features 64 new protocols on topics such as sterility assurance, media fill guidelines, and environmental control.
Download
CleanRooms - Magazines (Jan 08 to Oct 08)
CleanRooms - Magazines (Jan 08 to Oct 08)
Magazine of contamination control and clean manufacturing for clean room professionals in the semiconductor, biotechnology, life sciences, and cosmetic manufacturing.
The entire package of the year 2008 from January to September.
Download
Clean-in-Place for Biopharmaceutical Processes
Clean-in-Place for Biopharmaceutical Processes
An invaluable source instruction on the principles, instrumentation, design, implementation, operation, and maintenance of an effective clean-in-place system (CIP), this guide illustrates best practices and successful applications of CIP in both pharmaceutical and biotechnology facilities. Offering reader-friendly descriptions of the various types of equipment and materials found in typical CIP processes, Clean-In-Place For Biopharmaceutical Processes will take the guess-work out of CIP development, and illustrate all one needs to know for the establishment and optimal functioning of a CIP system.
Download
Tuesday, January 12, 2010
Monday, January 11, 2010
Non-Prescription Medicines 2nd Edition
This revised edition assesses the range of non-prescription, over-the-counter medicines that can be recommended for the most frequently encountered minor illnesses. The first edition has been updated to reflect changes in the legal status and availability of products and new opinions on and approaches to treatment. A new section on emergency hormonal contraception is also included. The information is presented in a structured formulary format with products described both generically and by brand name along with supplier details. Each chapter also contains a summary of key points with suggestions regarding the most appropriate products. The book should enable pharmacists, GPs, nurses and other healthcare professionals to make well-informed recommendations and to give patients and customers sound advice on non-prescription medicines.
USP NF 2009 (United States Pharmacopeia 32 / National Formulary 27)
The United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary and its Supplements become official six months after being released to the public. The USP–NF, which is released on November 1 of each year, becomes official on May 1 of the following year.
This change was adopted to give users more time to bring their methods and procedures into compliance with new and revised USP–NF requirements.
The table below describes the new official dates. The 2008 USP31–NF26, and the Supplements and Interim Revision Announcements (IRAs) to that edition, will be official until May 1, 2009, at which time the USP32–NF27 becomes official.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
The textbook on `Pharmaceutical Microbiology` has been adequately developed and expanded according to the AICTE- Approved Syllabus-2000 meant for the Pharmacy Degree Programme across all the Indian Universities, and others abroad offering similar curricula.Specific attention has been duly paid to the presentation of each chapter that essentially includes: brief introduction, theoretical aspects, classification, neat and vivid diagrammatic illustrations of figures-graphics-equipments, lucid explanations, supportive classical examples, and profusely supplemented with explanatory`foot notes`-references in addition to further reading bibliography.
The text content runs over ten chapters that may prove to be of paramount interest and enormous readability not only confined to the B.Pharm., students but also to various M.Sc., academic curricula in such disciplines as: Food Microbiology,
Key Features IncludeConcise and exhaustive presentation of scientific informations from several sources.A wealth of theoretical information that opens newer possibilities.Detailed classification of various microbial aspects.Pharmaceutical assays and methodologies.Comprehensive index includes significant terminologies.Well documented statement of facts.
Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 11th Ed.
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. Blends the chemical and pharmaceutical principles necessary for understanding structure-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms of drug action. Offers new information on emerging trends and advances and the challenges posed by new diseases. Features a new chapter on combinatorial chemistry.
BOOKS TO DOWNLOAD
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th Edition
"The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients" is internationally recognised as the authoritative source of information on pharmaceutical excipients. "The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients" is a comprehensive guide to the uses, properties and safety of pharmaceutical excipients and is an essential reference for those involved in the development, production, control or regulation of pharmaceutical preparations. The handbook collects together essential data on the physical properties of excipients as well as providing information on their safe use and potential toxicity. All monographs are also thoroughly cross-referenced and indexed to allow their identification by chemical, non-proprietary or trade names.
BOOKS TO DOWNLOAD
Guidance for the Implementation of a Quality Management System in Drug Testing Laboratories
Offers guidance for the implementation of a quality management system in drug testing laboratories: a commitment to quality and The quality of analyses and results of drug analysis laboratories have significant implications for the justice system,
Download
BOOKS TO DOWNLOAD
Pharmaceutical Suspensions:
From Formulation Development to Manufacturing
The A good understanding of fundamentals of disperse systems is essential in the development of a suitable pharmaceutical suspension. The development of suspension dosage form follows a very complicated path. The selection of the proper excipients (surfactants, viscosity imparting agents etc.) is important. The particle size distribution in the finished drug product dosage form is a critical parameter that significantly impacts the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the product. Appropriate analytical methodologies and instruments (chromatographs, viscometers, particle size analyzers, etc.) must be utilized to properly characterize the suspension formulation. The development process continues with a successful scale-up of the manufacturing process. Regulatory agencies around the world require clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug product. All of this development work should culminate into a regulatory filing in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Pharmaceutical Suspensions, in its organization, follows the development approach used widely in the
After discussing various disperse systems, the theory of disperse systems and commonly used excipients, the remaining chapters in this
Download
Pharmaceutical Suspensions: From Formulation Development to Manufacturing
The A good understanding of fundamentals of disperse systems is essential in the development of a suitable pharmaceutical suspension. The development of suspension dosage form follows a very complicated path. The selection of the proper excipients (surfactants, viscosity imparting agents etc.) is important. The particle size distribution in the finished drug product dosage form is a critical parameter that significantly impacts the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the product. Appropriate analytical methodologies and instruments (chromatographs, viscometers, particle size analyzers, etc.) must be utilized to properly characterize the suspension formulation. The development process continues with a successful scale-up of the manufacturing process. Regulatory agencies around the world require clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug product. All of this development work should culminate into a regulatory filing in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Pharmaceutical Suspensions, in its organization, follows the development approach used widely in the
After discussing various disperse systems, the theory of disperse systems and commonly used excipients, the remaining chapters in this
Download
Sunday, January 10, 2010
Art of living by bharath
There are actually five points to be remembered in the life they are as follows………………
• Expectation reduces joy
We should not expect anything from anybody because if you are going to college, we should not expect that there should be bus for us.Then our life is going to be good.
• Accept the person as they are
In the world there are many persons with different qualities. We should not think that everybody should be like us. Suppose if anybody asks us like”how much does this shirt cost” then we will say some 200/- or 250/- then he says “wanna I can buy this by 150/- then we should say my dear friend this shirt does not cost 250/- it just costs only 100/-. So we should accept the person as they are and we should not argue with them in the daily life.
• Don’t become the foot ball of other’s thoughts
If someone teases us or if someone comments us we should not feel for that if we feel like that we will always think about them and waste our time so we should not become the football of other’s thoughts.
• Opposite values are compliments
Yes, opposite values are compliments if suppose anybody says a bad thing about us we should not feel for that why means if we get less marks in the examination someone tells us we are waste then we should feel that they are expecting more from us than our result.
• Responsibility gives you power
Yes, responsibility gives us power! why because let us think practically, who has more power in our house? he is none other than our father isn’t he? Yes, he is because he takes all the responsibility and gets the money and make us to live happily, so who gets power in the neighbours? absolutely the uncle, because he takes the responsibility. Ofcourse you also get the responsibility in the neighbours house if you take the responsibility. So friends please take the responsibility and get the power.
THIS IS ABOUT ART OF LIVING that is HOW WE SHOULD LIVE IN THE life.
Bye
All the best
K.BHARATH REDDY,
fathima institute of pharmacy,
Andhra Pradesh,
Kadapa,
9885570672.
Friday, January 8, 2010
Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition
Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition
Robert T. Morrison (Author), Robert N. Boyd (Author)
Jonathan Clayden, Nick Geeves, Stuart Warren Organic Chemistry
Jonathan Clayden, Nick Geeves, Stuart Warren Organic Chemistry
Paperback, 1508 Pages
First Edition, 20 Juli 2000
ISBN: 0-198-50346-6
Oxford University Press
DESCRIPTION:
A first and second year undergraduate organic chemistry textbook, specifically geared to British and European courses and courses offered in better schools in North America. The emphasis is on clarity and understanding, with very careful explanations of difficult concepts, many examples related to everyday life, and a fresh and student-friendly writing style.
Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition by Paula Y. Bruice
Organic Chemistry
Fourth Edition
by Paula Y. Bruice
Organic Chemistry by Paula Bruice emphasizes what functional groups do rather than how they are made, highlighting mechanistic similarities and tying synthesis and reactivity together.
Bruice's writing has been praised for anticipating readers' questions, appealing to their visual and problem solving needs. Organic Chemistry balances coverage of traditional topics with bioorganic chemistry.
March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6th Edition
March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6th Edition
Michael B. Smith, Jerry March
ISBN: 978-0-471-72091-1
Hardcover
2357 pages
January 2007
The Sixth Edition of a classic in organic chemistry continues its tradition of excellence Now in its sixth edition, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry remains the gold standard in organic chemistry. Throughout its six editions, students and chemists from around the world have relied on it as an essential resource for planning and executing synthetic reactions.
The Sixth Edition brings the text completely current with the most recent organic reactions. In addition, the references have been updated to enable readers to find the latest primary and review literature with ease.
New features include:
More than 25,000 references to the literature to facilitate further research
Revised mechanisms, where required, that explain concepts in clear modern terms
Revisions and updates to each chapter to bring them all fully up to date with the latest reactions and discoveries
A revised Appendix B to facilitate correlating chapter sections with synthetic transformations
Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry
Vogel's Practical Organic Chemistry
Third Edition
One of the best books there is out there teaching practical organic chemistry is the one written by Arthur I. Vogel. The author is now deceased, but his teachings continues to live on - there has even been published a fifth edition of his masterpiece A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry after his death, containing many new preparations and procedures with techniques discovered in the last decades, which has been added to the book by other editors. However, the third edition of his book (first published in 1956) is actually of much better use to the hobby chemist, as it does not make use of any hideously expensive glassware/apparatus or exotic reagents or catalysts. Back in those days, an organic chemist was supposed to make many of his precursors himself, and to purify solvents and reagents in the lab before using them, as they were not available from chemical supply houses in 99.99% purity. There are even sections on glass-blowing in the book. The organic chemists of that day hadn't access to million-dollar NMR machines or GC/MS analytical equipment, therefore the preparations in this book don't require the use of such unavailable machines to identify products, only simple melting points to be taken, or the identification of certain odors, colors or crystal shapes.
The book has been scanned and turned into PDF format by Polverone, making a 73 MB file out of the thick 1200 page book. With the help of Hypo and Hocatka this PDF was converted it to the much more compact format DjVu, being only about a fifth of that size with almost the same quality and much faster viewing. As the bandwidth consumed will be much less using this format, it's possible to make it available online at this site.
To be able to view DjVu documents, you need a plugin for you web browser, which can be downloaded at LizardTech, Inc. After Installing the plugin, simply click the link below to read the book.
FOYE’S PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION
FOYE’S PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 6TH EDITION
Author(s):
Thomas L Lemke PhD
David A Williams PhD
The Sixth Edition of this well-known text has been fully revised and updated to meet the changing curricula of medicinal chemistry courses. Emphasis is on patient-focused pharmaceutical care and on the pharmacist as a therapeutic consultant, rather than a chemist.
A new disease state management section explains appropriate therapeutic options for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and men's and women's health problems. Also new to this edition: Clinical Significance boxes, Drug Lists at the beginning of appropriate chapters, and an eight-page color insert with detailed illustrations of drug structures.
Case studies from previous editions and answers to this edition's case studies are available online at thePoint.
ISOLATION OF ALKALOIDS by bharath.
Isolation of alkaloids is very easy.
First we have to identify the presence of alkaloid in the plant.
These alkaloids are treated with the different reagents like
tannic acid,
picric acid,
picolinic acid,
perchloric acid,
mercuric iodide{Mayer’s reagent},
iodine dissolved in potassium iodide{Wegner’s reagent},
potassium bismuth iodide{Dragendoffr’s reagent},
phosphomolybdic acid{Sonneuschein’s reagent }, and
phosphotungstic acid {Scheibler’s reagent}, with wich the alkaloids either give precipitate or turbidity.
These reagents do not have quantitative analysis of alkaloids, because the compound are not sufficiently insoluble and partly because the reagents precipitate out other organic substances also. A general procedure recommended by Manske is described below.
Extraction of plant material with petroleum ether for the removal of soluble fats
Again extraction with methyl alcohol to remove cellulosic and other insoluble material and the filtrate so obtained is evaporated.
Then it is dissolved in water, acidified to pH 2 and steam distilled to remove methyl alcohol.
Now paraffin is used to remove suspended impurities.
Then filtrate is extracted with ether or chloroform to remove water soluble non basic organic material and the steam distilled where the steam volatile alkaloids are separated.
Again extracted with ether or chloroform and the etheral layer obtained after this extraction is evaporated to give crude alkaloids.
The crude mixture is separated into individual alkaloids by
Fractional crystallization,
Fractional precipitation,
Column chromatography,
Partition chromatography,
Gas chromatography ,
Counter current extraction.
This is about isolation of alkaloids
Isolation of alkaloids is very easy.
First we have to identify the presence of alkaloid in the plant.
These alkaloids are treated with the different reagents like
tannic acid,
picric acid,
picolinic acid,
perchloric acid,
mercuric iodide{Mayer’s reagent},
iodine dissolved in potassium iodide{Wegner’s reagent},
potassium bismuth iodide{Dragendoffr’s reagent},
phosphomolybdic acid{Sonneuschein’s reagent }, and
phosphotungstic acid {Scheibler’s reagent}, with wich the alkaloids either give precipitate or turbidity.
These reagents do not have quantitative analysis of alkaloids, because the compound are not sufficiently insoluble and partly because the reagents precipitate out other organic substances also. A general procedure recommended by Manske is described below.
Extraction of plant material with petroleum ether for the removal of soluble fats
Again extraction with methyl alcohol to remove cellulosic and other insoluble material and the filtrate so obtained is evaporated.
Then it is dissolved in water, acidified to pH 2 and steam distilled to remove methyl alcohol.
Now paraffin is used to remove suspended impurities.
Then filtrate is extracted with ether or chloroform to remove water soluble non basic organic material and the steam distilled where the steam volatile alkaloids are separated.
Again extracted with ether or chloroform and the etheral layer obtained after this extraction is evaporated to give crude alkaloids.
The crude mixture is separated into individual alkaloids by
Fractional crystallization,
Fractional precipitation,
Column chromatography,
Partition chromatography,
Gas chromatography ,
Counter current extraction.
This is about isolation of alkaloids
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)